Red blood cell magnesium concentrations: analytical problems and significance. Taurine and magnesium homeostasis: New data and recent advances. Durlach J, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Rinjard P. The Emerging Role of Vitamin B6 in Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Vitamin B6 deficiency, genome instability and cancer. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects. Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency: metabolic link between taurine and S-sulfocysteine. Dysautonomia in autism spectrum disorder: case reports of a family with review of the literature. Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Obrenovich ME. Review: taurine: a “very essential” amino acid. Methylation demand: a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism. Brosnan JT, Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME. Effect of taurine on ischemia–reperfusion injury. A review on the biomedical importance of taurine. Vanitha M, Baskaran K, Periyasamy K, et al. The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Wojcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y. Newborns, patients with restricted diets, or patients with various diseases may be depleted in taurine and can benefit from supplementation. Dietary intake and sulfur amino metabolism are usually more than adequate to meet the body’s needs. Taurine is found in breast milk, but it is also routinely added to infant formulas.Īlthough taurine is very beneficial, it is often unnecessary to supplement. The human fetus has no ability to synthesize taurine. Recent work has revealed taurine’s action in the retina as a photoreceptor cell promoter. Moreover, severe taurine extravasation from cardiomyocytes during an ischemia–reperfusion insult may increase ventricular remodeling and heart failure risk. Because of these effects, experimental evidence shows promise for taurine therapy in preventing cardiac damage during bypass surgery, heart transplantation and myocardial infarction. Taurine is thought to be involved in cell volume regulation and intracellular free calcium concentration modulation. Taurine has been shown to be a protector of endothelial structure and function after exposure to inflammatory cells, their mediators, or other chemicals. Because taurine’s main physiologic role is in bile acid conjugation in the liver, it has been demonstrated that taurine is capable of reducing plasma LDL, total lipid concentration, and visceral fat in diabetic, obese patients. In cardiovascular disease, taurine’s benefits are multifactorial. Taurine is extensively involved in neurological activities, (calming neural excitability, cerebellar functional maintenance, and motor behavior modulation), through interaction with dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic receptors, and through glutamate. In the CNS, taurine is second only to glutamate in abundance. It has been proposed that taurine acts as an antioxidant, intracellular osmolyte, membrane stabilizer, and a neurotransmitter. Taurine is mainly obtained via dietary sources (dairy, shellfish, turkey, energy drinks), but can also come from sulfur amino acid metabolism (methionine and cysteine). Taurine’s highest concentration is in muscle, platelets, and the central nervous system. In most tissues, it remains a free amino acid. It takes part in biochemical reactions and is not fully incorporated into proteins. Taurine differs from other amino acids because a sulfur group replaces the carboxyl group of what would be the nonessential amino acid, β-alanine.
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